Solar charge controllers help in protecting batteries from overcharge and excessive discharge. The controller assures that the battery is charged fully and keeps it that way without causing damage to the battery.
A basic solar charge controller will monitor the battery voltage, open the circuit and then stop charging when the voltage rises to a given level.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
The modern solar charge controllers use pulse width modulation (PWM) which gradually lowers the amount of power as the batteries get closer to being fully charged.
The battery is charged with lesser stress thus prolonging the battery life. PWM has no mechanical connections that need to be broken although it’s quite complex.
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